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Êèòàéñêèé Èíòåðíåò: öåíçóðà, öåíçóðà è åù¸ ðàç öåíçóðà....

 
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Zabougornov
Äîáðûé Àäìèíèñòðàòîð (èíîãäà)


: 06.03.2005
: 12000
: Îáåð-ãðóïïåí-äîöåíò, ñò. ðóêîâîäèòåëü ãðóïïû ñêîðîñòíûõ ñâèíãåðîâ, îí æå Çàáàøëåâè÷ Îöààò Ïîýëåâè÷

: , 16 2006, 12:30:40     : Êèòàéñêèé Èíòåðíåò: öåíçóðà, öåíçóðà è åù¸ ðàç öåíçóðà....

http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/asia/china-bck-0701.htm
INTERNET IN CHINA

As the Internet industry continues to expand in China, the government continues to tighten controls on on-line expression. As recently as July 11, 2001, President Jiang Zemin condemned the spread of "pernicious information" on the Net and called existing legislation "inadequate." (1) Since 1995, when Chinese authorities began permitting commercial Internet accounts, at least sixty sets of regulations have been issued aimed at controlling Internet content. The broadly-worded regulations represent a clear violation of the right to freedom of expression, and the government is devoting considerable time and resources to trying to implement them. (2)

As of January 2001, sending "secret" or "reactionary" materials over the Internet became a capital crime. Generally, however, persons convicted for their use of the Internet have received sentences of between two and four years, and we are not aware of anyone having been charged under Internet-specific regulations. Instead, they have all been found guilty of violating provisions of the Criminal Code. The elaborate regulatory framework serves, however, as a statement of policy, a justification for monitoring and surveillance, a set of guidelines for what constitutes "illegal" activity, and a deterrent to Internet users.

The government's determination to censor on-line content has grown with Internet usage. Improved infrastructure, introduction of mobile phones, and other low-cost methods of connection to the Internet, as well as increased local language content, have fueled that growth. The main contact points connecting China's Internet system with the worldwide system consists of nine so-called Internet Access Providers controlling the physical lines to the outside world. By July 2001 these access providers accommodated some 620 Internet Service Providers (ISPs) who served in turn some 1,600 Internet Content Providers (ICPs) and an estimated 26,000,000 users by the government's own conservative estimates. (3)

This backgrounder examines the development of China's repressive regulatory framework, its surveillance and closures of Internet cafés, and the detention of Internet users.
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A la guerre comme a la guerre èëè âòîðàÿ ðåäàêöèÿ Çàáóãîðíîâà
Zabougornov
Äîáðûé Àäìèíèñòðàòîð (èíîãäà)


: 06.03.2005
: 12000
: Îáåð-ãðóïïåí-äîöåíò, ñò. ðóêîâîäèòåëü ãðóïïû ñêîðîñòíûõ ñâèíãåðîâ, îí æå Çàáàøëåâè÷ Îöààò Ïîýëåâè÷

: , 16 2006, 13:13:32     :

http://www.novexcn.com/state_secrey_internet.html
Article 10. Units and users that establish an BBS, chat room or network news group shall be verified and approved by the relevant organizations to clarify the requirements and responsibilities concerning the protection of secrets.

Áëèí.....Áûë áû íàø Ôîðóì â Êèòàå - îí íå âûæèë áû. Ïðèõëîïíóëè áû Çàáóãîðíîâà êàê ìóõó, Çàáóãîðíîâ òî íèêàêèõ ðàçðåøåíèé îò êîìïåòåíòíûõ îðãàíîâ íå ïîëó÷àë...Äàæå è íå çíàåò, êàêèå-òàêèå relevant organizations.....
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A la guerre comme a la guerre èëè âòîðàÿ ðåäàêöèÿ Çàáóãîðíîâà
Zabougornov
Äîáðûé Àäìèíèñòðàòîð (èíîãäà)


: 06.03.2005
: 12000
: Îáåð-ãðóïïåí-äîöåíò, ñò. ðóêîâîäèòåëü ãðóïïû ñêîðîñòíûõ ñâèíãåðîâ, îí æå Çàáàøëåâè÷ Îöààò Ïîýëåâè÷

: , 17 2006, 16:29:09     :

http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-651865,36-741960@51-730341,0.html
"Le représentant républicain Jim Leach a évoqué la création par Google, fin janvier, d'un moteur de recherches spécial, Google.cn, qui censure les sites dont Pékin souhaite rendre le contenu partiellement ou totalement inaccessibles aux internautes chinois. "C'est étonnant, a-t-il estimé : Google s'est pratiquement comporté comme un fonctionnaire du gouvernement chinois." Son collègue Christopher Smith a montré la différence de résultat selon qu'il lançait une recherche avec le nom de la place "Tiananmen" sur le moteur de recherche normal ou sur Google.cn : à la place des chars, on n'aperçoit, sur les photos, que des touristes souriants."

Ïî÷óñòâóé ðàçíèöó (ñ)
http://blog.outer-court.com/archive/2006-01-27-n42.html

Google.cn



Google.com

_________________
A la guerre comme a la guerre èëè âòîðàÿ ðåäàêöèÿ Çàáóãîðíîâà
Zabougornov
Äîáðûé Àäìèíèñòðàòîð (èíîãäà)


: 06.03.2005
: 12000
: Îáåð-ãðóïïåí-äîöåíò, ñò. ðóêîâîäèòåëü ãðóïïû ñêîðîñòíûõ ñâèíãåðîâ, îí æå Çàáàøëåâè÷ Îöààò Ïîýëåâè÷

: , 13 2006, 10:43:17     :

http://www.vz.ru/society/2006/3/3/24594.html

Êèòàé ñîçäàåò ñâîé Èíòåðíåò
Êèòàéñêèé ïðîåêò ôðàãìåíòàöèè Èíòåðíåòà ìîæåò óãðîæàòü îñòàëüíûì ïîëüçîâàòåëÿì ïóòàíèöåé ñ äîìåííûìè èìåíàìè
Íîâàÿ ñèñòåìà áóäåò ïîñòðîåíà òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òî èìåíà ìîãóò áûòü íàáðàíû êàê ëàòèíñêèìè áóêâàìè, òàê è êèòàéñêèìè èåðîãëèôàìè 3 ìàðòà 2006, 21:42
Òåêñò: Âëàäèñëàâ Èâàíîâ

 íà÷àëå ìåñÿöà Ìèíèñòåðñòâî èíôîðìàòèçàöèè Êèòàÿ îáúÿâèëî î ñâîåì íàìåðåíèè ðåôîðìèðîâàòü ñèñòåìó äîìåííûõ èìåí â ñòðàíå, êîòîðàÿ íà÷àëà ðàáîòàòü ñ 1 ìàðòà ýòîãî ãîäà. Íîâàÿ ñèñòåìà áóäåò ïîñòðîåíà òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òî èìåíà ìîãóò áûòü íàáðàíû êàê ëàòèíñêèìè áóêâàìè, òàê è êèòàéñêèìè àíàëîãàìè. Âëàñòè, òàêèì îáðàçîì, ôàêòè÷åñêè ñîçäàëè íàöèîíàëüíûé Èíòåðíåò, äîñòóïíûé èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî æèòåëÿì Êèòàÿ.

Íîâàÿ DNS (Domain Name Service) áóäåò ïîääåðæèâàòü èìåíà íà êèòàéñêîì ÿçûêå.  ðàìêàõ íîâîé ñèñòåìû áóäóò ñîçäàíû òðè íîâûõ âðåìåííûõ äîìåíà âåðõíåãî óðîâíÿ: .CHINA, .COMPANY è .NETWORK. Ïîìèìî ýòîãî, ìèíèñòåðñòâî áóäåò îôèöèàëüíî ðåãèñòðèðîâàòü èìåíà â àíãëîÿçû÷íîì äîìåíå .CN. Íîâàÿ ñèñòåìà áóäåò ïîñòðîåíà òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òî èìåíà ìîãóò áûòü íàáðàíû êàê ëàòèíñêèìè áóêâàìè, òàê è êèòàéñêèìè èåðîãëèôàìè.

«Åñëè ïîÿâèòñÿ íåñêîëüêî âåðñèé îäíîãî è òîãî æå äîìåíà, ïîëüçîâàòåëè ìîãóò óòðàòèòü äîâåðèå ê ñèñòåìå»Ïðè ýòîì, âîïðåêè òîòàëüíîìó êîíòðîëþ ÑØÀ íàä ñèñòåìîé äîìåííûõ èìåí, ìàðøðóòèçàöèÿ íîâûõ êèòàéñêèõ äîìåíîâ áóäåò îñóùåñòâëÿòüñÿ íå ñåðâåðàìè ìèðîâîé ñèñòåìû äîìåííûõ èìåí, à íàïðÿìóþ êèòàéñêèìè âíóòðåííèìè ñåðâåðàìè. Âëàñòè, òàêèì îáðàçîì, ôàêòè÷åñêè ñîçäàëè íàöèîíàëüíûé Èíòåðíåò, äîñòóïíûé èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî æèòåëÿì Êèòàÿ.

Àíëãîÿçû÷íûé äîìåí .CN áóäåò âêëþ÷àòü â ñåáÿ áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî äîìåíîâ òðåòüåãî óðîâíÿ, âêëþ÷àÿ 7 «ðîäíûõ» – ac, mil, edu, gov, net, com è 34 ðåãèîíàëüíûõ – äëÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ïðîâèíöèé, àâòîíîìèé è ìóíèöèïàëèòåòîâ. Íàïðèìåð, Ïåêèí áóäåò èñïîëüçîâàòü ðåãèîíàëüíûé äîìåí BJ (îò àíãë Beijing), à Øàíõàé – SH.  Ðîññèè, ê ïðèìåðó, òîæå åñòü òàêîå äåëåíèå, è åñëè ïðîâåñòè àíàëîãèþ, ìîñêîâñêèé äîìåí áóäåò âûãëÿäåòü êàê msk.ru, à øàíõàéñêèé – sh.cn. Êèòàéñêèõ ñàéòîâ, ïðèâÿçàííûõ ê ïîäîáíûì DNS, óæå ìíîæåñòâî, äîñòàòî÷íî ïîñìîòðåòü ðåçóëüòàòû ïîèñêà â Google.

 Îðãàíèçàöèè ïî ïðèñâîåíèþ èìåí è àäðåñîâ â Èíòåðíåòå (ICANN) îòêàçàëèñü êîììåíòèðîâàòü ñèòóàöèþ, ñîñëàâøèñü íà òî, ÷òî ïîêà íå ðàñïîëàãàþò äëÿ ýòîãî äîñòàòî÷íûìè ñâåäåíèÿìè.

Ãèð Ðàñìóññåí, ãëàâà êîìïàíèè Global Name Registry, çàíèìàþùåéñÿ ðåãèñòðàöèåé äîìåíîâ, çàÿâèë, ÷òî äåëåíèå Èíòåðíåòà íà ñåãìåíòû, êîòîðîå ïðîèñõîäèò ñåé÷àñ, – «ïðîáëåìà íå òîëüêî äëÿ ICANN, íî è äëÿ ïîëüçîâàòåëåé èç-çà âîçìîæíîé ïóòàíèöû ñ îäèíàêîâûìè äîìåííûìè èìåíàìè». Ïî åãî ñëîâàì, âèíîé âñåìó ñòàëà ïðîáëåìà äîñòóïíîñòè – «ìíîãèå íåäîâîëüíû òåì, ÷òî íå ìîãóò çàðåãèñòðèðîâàòü ñàéò ñ àäðåñîì íå íà àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå». «Ïîäóìàéòå, êàê áû íàì áûëî íåóäîáíî, – ãîâîðèò Ðàñìóññåí, – ââîäèòü àäðåñ ñàéòà íà êèòàéñêîì».

Íî íå âñå òàê ïðåêðàñíî, êàê êàæåòñÿ. «Ôðàãìåíòàöèÿ îïàñíà êàê äëÿ ICANN, òàê è äëÿ íàñ, ïîòîìó ÷òî ýòî ñîáüåò ñ òîëêó êîíå÷íûõ ïîëüçîâàòåëåé», – ãîâîðèò Äæåéð Ðàñìóññåí, äèðåêòîð Global Name Registry, îðãàíèçàöèè ïî ðåãèñòðàöèè äîìåííûõ èìåí, âåäàþùåé äîìåíàìè òèïà .name.

Ìåæäó òåì ÷èñëî ïîëüçîâàòåëåé Èíòåðíåòà â Ïîäíåáåñíîé çà ìèíóâøèé ãîä óâåëè÷èëîñü íà 18% è äîñòèãëî 111 ìèëëèîíîâ ÷åëîâåê

«Åñëè ïîÿâèòñÿ íåñêîëüêî âåðñèé îäíîãî è òîãî æå äîìåíà, ïîëüçîâàòåëè ìîãóò óòðàòèòü äîâåðèå ê ñèñòåìå. Åñëè êòî-òî îòêðîåò äîìåí .name â äðóãîì êîðíå, âû êàê êîíå÷íûé ïîëüçîâàòåëü óæå íå áóäåòå óâåðåíû, êàêîé èìåííî êîðåíü âû èñïîëüçóåòå. Ýòî êàê òåëåôîííûé íîìåð, ïðèíàäëåæàùèé äâóì ðàçíûì ëþäÿì», – ïîÿñíèë Ðàñìóññåí.

Ìåæäó òåì ÷èñëî ïîëüçîâàòåëåé Èíòåðíåòà â Ïîäíåáåñíîé çà ìèíóâøèé ãîä óâåëè÷èëîñü íà 18% è äîñòèãëî 111 ìèëëèîíîâ ÷åëîâåê. Ïî ýòîìó ïîêàçàòåëþ ñòðàíà çàíèìàåò âòîðîå ìåñòî â ìèðå ïîñëå ÑØÀ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ äîñòóï ê Âñåìèðíîé ïàóòèíå èìåþò óæå 8,5% íàñåëåíèÿ ÊÍÐ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî æèòåëè êðóïíåéøèõ ãîðîäîâ. Áîëüøèíñòâî êèòàéñêèõ àáîíåíòîâ ïîäêëþ÷àþòñÿ ê Ñåòè ÷åðåç âûñîêîñêîðîñòíûå êàíàëû.

Ïðè ýòîì ïîäàâëÿþùåå áîëüøèíñòâî ïîëüçîâàòåëåé õîòÿò ñâîáîäíî ÷èòàòü î ïîëèòèêå â Ñåòè. Íî îíè òàêæå ïîëàãàþò, ÷òî äîëæíû áûòü çàùèùåíû îò ïîðíîãîðàôèè è íàñèëèÿ. Òîëüêî 8% êèòàéñêèõ ïîëüçîâàòåëåé âûñòóïàþò çà ïîëèòè÷åñêóþ öåíçóðó.

73% õîòÿò îãðàíè÷èòü íàñèëèå â Èíòåðíåòå, è 85% – îãðàíè÷èòü ïîðíîãðàôèþ. Èíòåðíåò, îñíîâàííûé íà îòêðûòîé òåõíîëîãèè, èìååò ãëóáîêîå âîçäåéñòâèå íà çàêðûòûå òðàäèöèè Êèòàÿ, êóëüòóðó è ïîëèòè÷åñêóþ ñèñòåìó. 60% êèòàéöåâ ïîëàãàþò, ÷òî âûñøåå ðóêîâîäñòâî ñòðàíû ëó÷øå ïîéìåò âçãëÿäû ïðîñòûõ ëþäåé íà Èíòåðíåò.

Âñëåä çà ðîñòîì óâëå÷åíèÿ Ñåòüþ â Êèòàå âñå áîëüøèì ñïðîñîì ïîëüçóþòñÿ ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííûå êëèíèêè, ãäå ïàöèåíòîâ ëå÷àò îò èíòåðíåò-çàâèñèìîñòè. Ó÷èòûâàÿ, ÷òî â Èíòåðíåòå áåñïðåðûâíî ñèäÿò ìèëëèîíû ãðàæäàí ñòðàíû, ïîäîáíûå ìåäó÷ðåæäåíèÿ æäåò äîëãîå ïðîöâåòàíèå.

Ïðèñòðàñòèå ê Èíòåðíåòó â ýòîé ñòðàíå äîñòèãàåò ìàñøòàáîâ ýïèäåìèè. Ðîñò áëàãîñîñòîÿíèÿ ïðèâîäèò ê òîìó, ÷òî âñå áîëüøå êèòàéöåâ ïîêóïàþò ïåðñîíàëüíûå êîìïüþòåðû, êîòîðûå ðàíî èëè ïîçäíî ïî÷òè íàâåðíÿêà îêàçûâàþòñÿ ñâÿçàííûìè ñî Âñåìèðíîé ïàóòèíîé. Òå æå, êòî ëè÷íîãî òåðìèíàëà ñåáå ïîçâîëèòü ïîêà íå ìîæåò, èäóò â êàôå è ïëàòÿò äåíüãè çà âîçìîæíîñòü ïîèãðàòü èëè ïîîáùàòüñÿ â Ñåòè. Ïîäàâëÿþùåå áîëüøèíñòâî èç íèõ –ìîëîäåæü, ïèøåò BBC.
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A la guerre comme a la guerre èëè âòîðàÿ ðåäàêöèÿ Çàáóãîðíîâà
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: 20.06.2006
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: , 20 2006, 11:49:55     :

Êèòàéöû "æãóò", íî çà êèòàåì áóäóùåå... (èìõî)
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