ГЇВїВЅГЇВїВЅГЇВїВЅГЇВїВЅГЇВїВЅГЇВїВЅГЇВїВЅ ГЇВїВЅ ГЇВїВЅГЇВїВЅ

Ivy

http://kokshetau.online.kz/ot/57.htm
_________________
ГЌГЁГЄГІГ® ГГҐ ГЁГ¬ГҐГҐГІ ГЇГ°Г ГўГ ГГ ГЁГ±ГІГЁГГі.

Zabougornov

Г€Г¬ГҐГҐГІГ±Гї ГўГўГЁГ¤Гі ГГ ГўГҐГ°ГГ®ГҐ ГЅГІГ Г±ГІГ ГІГјГї
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v434/n7034/abs/nature03392_fs.html

New material of the earliest hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad

MICHEL BRUNET1, FRANCK GUY1,2, DAVID PILBEAM2, DANIEL E. LIEBERMAN2, ANDOSSA LIKIUS3, HASSANE T. MACKAYE3, MARCIA S. PONCE DE LEÓN4, CHRISTOPH P. E. ZOLLIKOFER4 & PATRICK VIGNAUD1

1 Laboratoire de Géobiologie, Biochronologie et Paléontologie Humaine, CNRS UMR 6046, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Poitiers, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France
2 Peabody Museum, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
3 Université de N'Djamena, BP 1117, N'Djamena, Tchad
4 Anthropologisches Institut/MultiMedia Laboratorium, Universität Zürich-Irchel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland

Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to M.B. (michel.brunet@univ-poitiers.fr).

Discoveries in Chad by the Mission Paléoanthropologique Franco-Tchadienne have substantially changed our understanding of early human evolution in Africa. In particular, the TM 266 locality in the Toros-Menalla fossiliferous area yielded a nearly complete cranium (TM 266-01-60-1), a mandible, and several isolated teeth assigned to Sahelanthropus tchadensis and biochronologically dated to the late Miocene epoch (about 7 million years ago). Despite the relative completeness of the TM 266 cranium, there has been some controversy about its morphology and its status in the hominid clade. Here we describe new dental and mandibular specimens from three Toros-Menalla (Chad) fossiliferous localities (TM 247, TM 266 and TM 292) of the same age. This new material, including a lower canine consistent with a non-honing C/P3 complex, post-canine teeth with primitive root morphology and intermediate radial enamel thickness, is attributed to S. tchadensis. It expands the hypodigm of the species and provides additional anatomical characters that confirm the morphological differences between S. tchadensis and African apes. S. tchadensis presents several key derived features consistent with its position in the hominid clade close to the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans.

ГЂ ГўГ®ГІ ГЄГІГ® Г¬Г®Г¦ГҐГІ ГЇГҐГ°ГҐГўГҐГ±ГІГЁ ГўГ»Г¤ГҐГ«ГҐГГГ»ГҐ Г±Г«Г®ГўГ (ГўГ»Г¤ГҐГ«ГҐГГГ® Г¬ГГ®Гѕ)
_________________
A la guerre comme a la guerre ГЁГ«ГЁ ГўГІГ®Г°Г Гї Г°ГҐГ¤Г ГЄГ¶ГЁГї Г‡Г ГЎГіГЈГ®Г°ГГ®ГўГ

Stef

apes - ape
1.
1) ( Г·ГҐГ«Г®ГўГҐГЄГ®Г®ГЎГ°Г Г§ГГ Гї ) Г®ГЎГҐГ§ГјГїГГ , ГЇГ°ГЁГ¬Г ГІ
2) ГЇГ®Г¤Г°Г Г¦Г ГІГҐГ«Гј, ГЄГ°ГЁГўГ«ГїГЄГ , Г®ГЎГҐГ§ГјГїГГ - act the ape - play the ape

2. ГЇГ®Г¤Г°Г Г¦Г ГІГј, Г®ГЎГҐГ§ГјГїГГГЁГ·Г ГІГј; ГЁГ¬ГЁГІГЁГ°Г®ГўГ ГІГј, ГЄГ®ГЇГЁГ°Г®ГўГ ГІГј, ГЇГҐГ°ГҐГ¤Г°Г Г§ГГЁГўГ ГІГј, ГЄГ°ГЁГўГ«ГїГІГјГ±Гї Syn: imitate

mandible - mandible ГГЁГ¦ГГїГї Г·ГҐГ«ГѕГ±ГІГј ( Г¬Г«ГҐГЄГ®ГЇГЁГІГ ГѕГ№ГЁГµ ГЁ Г°Г»ГЎ ); Г¦ГўГ Г«Г®, Г¬Г ГГ¤ГЁГЎГіГ«Г ( ГГ Г±ГҐГЄГ®Г¬Г»Гµ )

non-honing
honing ГµГ®ГГЁГГЈГ®ГўГ ГГЁГҐ
hone
1.
1) Г®Г±ГҐГ«Г®ГЄ, ГІГ®Г·ГЁГ«ГјГГ»Г© ГЄГ Г¬ГҐГГј, Г ГЎГ°Г Г§ГЁГўГГ»Г© ГЎГ°ГіГ±Г®ГЄ Syn: hone-stone
2) ГµГ®ГГЁГГЈГ®ГўГ Г«ГјГГ Гї ГЈГ®Г«Г®ГўГЄГ
вЂў Syn: hone-stone
2.
1) ГІГ®Г·ГЁГІГј, Г§Г ГІГ Г·ГЁГўГ ГІГј
2) ГµГ®ГГЁГГЈГ®ГўГ ГІГј
3) ГЇГ®Г«ГЁГ°Г®ГўГ ГІГј

Г‚ Г·ГҐГ¬ ГЇГ°ГЁГЄГ®Г«? Embarassed

Zabougornov

Г‘ГЇГ Г±ГЁГЎГ®, Г‘ГІГҐГґ.
_________________
A la guerre comme a la guerre ГЁГ«ГЁ ГўГІГ®Г°Г Гї Г°ГҐГ¤Г ГЄГ¶ГЁГї Г‡Г ГЎГіГЈГ®Г°ГГ®ГўГ